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In practice, these problems have not been solved sufficiently due to technical limitations. This could induce an apparent decrease of Оµ. Moreover, if the apoplastic water content decreases during PвЂ“V measurement, the decrease is taken as the decrease in the cell volume ( Fanjul and Rosher 1984). Also, the interactions among the cells, which are pushing each other, could cause an apparent increase of Оµ ( Tyree and Jarvis 1982). For example, heterogeneity in cell turgor among the leaf cells could cause an apparent decrease in the value of Оµ ( Tyree and Jarvis 1982). Consequently, Оµ could be affected by the multicellularity of the leaf. Cell structure and function are different among these tissues. Leaves have several tissues such as vascular bundles, epidermis, palisade and spongy tissues. The meaning of Оµ for a leaf is not evident, because a leaf consists of as many as 100Г—10 6 cells and has a complicated structure, unlike giant algal cells. In other words, the relationship between Оµ and the cell wall elasticity has not been established at the leaf level yet. However, there is no evidence showing that Оµ for the whole leaf determined by the PвЂ“V technique expresses the elastic properties of cell walls. In giant algal cells, the theoretical assumption of the material structure works properly and Оµ represents the elastic properties of cell walls by necessity ( Ortega 1990, Proseus et al. Similarly, in single plant cells which have a spherical or cylindrical structure, theoretical equations predict that Оµ is proportional to YoungвЂ™s modulus of cell walls ( Vinters et al.

Then, it is evident that the change in the internal pressure for a given change in their volume should be smaller in the balloon.

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Let us assume a balloon with a soft rubber skin and a soccer ball with a rigid skin. 1976, Tyree and Jarvis 1982, Kramer and Boyer 1995).

A leaf with low Оµ is considered to have more elastic cell walls than that with high Оµ ( Cheung et al. О• has been recognized as an indicator of the elastic properties of cell walls. Those uncertainties regarding Оµ are partially due to our ignorance of the nature of Оµ in the leaf. Other studies reported that Оµ in mature leaves decreased when the leaves were subject to water stress ( Davies and Lakso 1979, White et al. Some studies reported that Оµ in the leaves developed under dry conditions was greater than that in the leaves developed under wet conditions ( Sobrado 1986, Ayoub et al. Also, there have been conflicting reports concerning changes in Оµ under drought conditions. In our previous study, Оµ did not correlate with the daily maximum transpiration rate or osmotic potential of cell sap in the leaves of eight tree species ( Saito et al. However, the eco-physiological behavior of Оµ is not clear. In this sense, Оµ has a role in water relationships of the whole plant. The decrease in turgor connects directly with the decrease in leaf water potential and produces the driving force for water flow in the soilвЂ“plantвЂ“atmosphere continuum (SPAC). Оµ determines how cell turgor decreases with loss of water in the leaf. This parameter is obtained by the pressureвЂ“volume (PвЂ“V) technique ( Tyree and Hammel 1972, Cheung et al. The bulk elastic modulus (Оµ) of an individual leaf represents the ratio of the change in cell turgor ( P) to that in the relative cell volume (О” V/ V) of the leaf. From the estimation of Оµ based on a physical model, we suggest that the effective thickness of cell walls responsible for Оµ is smaller than the observed wall thickness. From these results, we conclude that Оµ is closely related to the reversible properties of the cell walls. serrata, respectively) with small y-intercepts. There were significant linear relationships between YoungвЂ™s modulus and Оµ ( P < 0.01 R 2 = 0.78 and 0.84 in Q. Оµ in these two species was similar at every developmental stages, although the apparent mechanical strength of the leaf lamina and thickness of mesophyll cell walls were greater in Q. The results showed that Оµ increased from approximately 5 to 20В MPa during leaf development, although other potential determinants of Оµ such as the apoplastic water content in the leaf and the diameter of a palisade tissue cells remained almost constant. We compared Оµ and YoungвЂ™s modulus of leaf specimens determined by the stretch technique at various stages of their leaf development.

serrata, an evergreen and a deciduous broad-leaved tree species, respectively.

The plants used were Quercus glauca and Q. We examined the relationship between the bulk elastic modulus (Оµ) of an individual leaf obtained by the pressureвЂ“volume (PвЂ“V) technique and the mechanical properties of cell walls in the leaf.

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